Moving to Netherlands via the Marriage Visa Route

Relocating to a new country is a significant life decision, often driven by a desire for new opportunities, cultural immersion, or personal relationships. For many, moving to the Netherlands to join a spouse or partner is a pathway to building a life together in one of Europe’s most vibrant and progressive nations. One of the most common ways to achieve this is through the Netherlands Marriage Visa, which allows foreign spouses or partners to reunite and reside legally in the country.

The Netherlands, known for its high quality of life, cultural diversity, and strong economy, attracts thousands of migrants each year, with family reunification being a leading reason for immigration. In 2020, the Dutch authorities issued 32,460 residence permits for family reunion purposes, underscoring the popularity of this route.

This article provides an in-depth exploration of moving to the Netherlands via the marriage visa route, also referred to as the Netherlands Marriage Visa or partner visa. We will cover the eligibility criteria, application process, required documents, potential challenges, and practical considerations for settling in the Netherlands. Whether you are marrying a Dutch national, an EU/EEA citizen, or a non-EU resident with a valid Dutch residence permit, this guide aims to equip you with the knowledge needed to navigate the process successfully.

Understanding the Netherlands Marriage Visa

The Netherlands Marriage Visa is not a single, distinct visa but rather a combination of immigration procedures that allow a foreign national to join their spouse or partner in the Netherlands. The process typically involves obtaining a Provisional Residence Permit (Machtiging tot Voorlopig Verblijf, MVV) and/or a Residence Permit for family reunification. The MVV is a special entry visa for stays longer than three months, while the residence permit allows you to live in the Netherlands for an extended period.

The marriage visa route applies to individuals who are married, in a registered partnership, or in a long-term, exclusive relationship with someone legally residing in the Netherlands. The Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) oversees all visa and residence permit applications, ensuring compliance with Dutch immigration laws and EU regulations.

Key Terms and Definitions

• MVV (Provisional Residence Permit): A visa required for non-EU/EEA nationals from certain countries to enter the Netherlands for stays exceeding 90 days.

• Residence Permit: A document granting the right to live in the Netherlands, typically issued after entering with an MVV or for those exempt from the MVV requirement.

• Sponsor: The partner residing in the Netherlands (Dutch national, EU/EEA citizen, or non-EU resident with a valid permit) who supports the visa application.

• Civic Integration Examination: A test assessing basic Dutch language skills and knowledge of Dutch society, often required before entering the Netherlands.

Eligibility Criteria for the Marriage Visa

To qualify for a marriage visa, both the applicant and the sponsor must meet specific requirements. These criteria vary depending on the nationality of the sponsor and the nature of the relationship. Below, we outline the general and specific conditions for eligibility.

General Requirements

Regardless of the sponsor’s nationality, the following conditions apply:

1. Relationship Status: The applicant and sponsor must be:

   • Legally married, or

   • In a registered partnership (civil partnership recognized by Dutch law), or

   • In a long-term, exclusive relationship (unmarried partners must prove cohabitation or a durable relationship, typically for at least six months to two years, depending on circumstances).

2. Age: Both the applicant and the sponsor must be at least 21 years old.

3. Cohabitation: The couple must intend to live together in the Netherlands at the same address.

4. Sponsor’s Status: The sponsor must be:

   • A Dutch national, or

   • An EU/EEA or Swiss national legally residing in the Netherlands, or

   • A non-EU national with a valid Dutch residence permit.

5. Income Requirement: The sponsor must have a stable and sufficient income to support the applicant. As of 2025, this is typically set at least at the level of the Dutch minimum wage (approximately €1,934.40 gross per month for a single person, excluding holiday allowance, as per 2025 standards). The income must be independent and sustainable, often proven through an employment contract or business income.

6. Health Insurance: The applicant must take out Dutch health insurance upon arrival, as it is mandatory for all residents.

7. No Public Threat: The applicant must not pose a threat to public order or national security.

Specific Requirements by Sponsor’s Nationality

1. Sponsor is a Dutch National

If the sponsor is a Dutch citizen, the applicant (non-EU/EEA national) typically needs an MVV to enter the Netherlands unless they are from a visa-exempt country (e.g., Australia, Canada, Japan, or the USA). After arrival, they must apply for a residence permit. The Chavez-Vilchez ruling may apply if the couple has children who are Dutch nationals, allowing the applicant to retain residence rights to ensure the child’s right to remain in the EU.

2. Sponsor is an EU/EEA or Swiss National

EU/EEA or Swiss nationals enjoy freedom of movement within the EU, meaning their non-EU family members (spouse, registered partner, or unmarried partner) do not need an MVV. Instead, they apply for verification against EU law with the IND after arriving in the Netherlands and registering with the local municipality.

3. Sponsor is a Non-EU National with a Dutch Residence Permit

If the sponsor is a non-EU national with a valid Dutch residence permit, the applicant typically requires an MVV (unless exempt) and a residence permit. The applicant’s work rights will mirror those of the sponsor. For example, if the sponsor has a highly skilled migrant permit, the applicant can work freely without restrictions.

Civic Integration Examination

Non-EU/EEA applicants from certain countries must pass a Civic Integration Examination Abroad before receiving an MVV. This exam tests:

• Basic Dutch language skills (speaking, reading, and writing at A1 level).

• Knowledge of Dutch society (culture, history, and government).

Exemptions may apply for citizens of certain countries (e.g., Australia, Canada, Japan, USA) or for medical reasons. Applicants with specific educational qualifications or those unable to pass due to personal circumstances may also request exemptions.

Application Process for the Netherlands Marriage Visa

The application process involves several steps, which vary slightly depending on whether an MVV is required. Below is a detailed breakdown of the process.

Step 1: Confirm Eligibility

Before applying, verify that you and your sponsor meet all eligibility criteria. Consult the IND website or a Dutch immigration lawyer to clarify specific requirements based on your situation.

Step 2: Gather Required Documents

The following documents are typically required for an MVV and/or residence permit application:

• Valid Passport: A copy of all relevant pages of the applicant’s passport.

• Proof of Relationship:

  • Marriage certificate (legalized if issued outside the Netherlands).

  • Registered partnership certificate, or

  • Evidence of a long-term relationship (e.g., joint lease agreements, photos, communication records, or affidavits).

• Sponsor’s Documents:

  • Copy of the sponsor’s passport or ID.

  • Proof of the sponsor’s residence status (Dutch citizen ID or residence permit).

  • Employment contract or income statements proving sufficient and stable income.

  • Sponsor’s declaration confirming their role as the applicant’s sponsor.

• Personal Declaration: A statement confirming the relationship is genuine and not solely for obtaining a residence permit. This is typically completed at the municipality when notifying the intent to marry or register a partnership.

• Civic Integration Exam Results: If applicable, proof of passing the exam or an exemption request.

• Proof of Accommodation: Evidence that the couple will live together (e.g., rental agreement or property deed).

• Health Insurance Commitment: A declaration that the applicant will obtain Dutch health insurance upon arrival.

Documents issued abroad may need to be legalized or apostilled to be valid in the Netherlands. Check with the Dutch embassy or consulate in your country for specific requirements.

Step 3: Apply for the MVV (If Required)

Non-EU/EEA nationals from non-visa-exempt countries must apply for an MVV at the Dutch embassy or consulate in their country of origin or residence. The application process includes:

1. Submitting the MVV application form (available on the IND website).

2. Providing all required documents.

3. Paying the application fee (approximately €174 for adults in 2025, subject to change).

4. Scheduling an appointment for biometrics (fingerprints and photo).

The IND reviews the application, and processing typically takes 90 days. If approved, the applicant collects the MVV sticker from the embassy and can travel to the Netherlands.

Step 4: Apply for the Residence Permit

Upon arriving in the Netherlands, the applicant must apply for a residence permit within a specified period (usually within 90 days). For those exempt from the MVV requirement, the residence permit application is the primary step. The process involves:

1. Submitting the residence permit application form (online or via the IND).

2. Providing the same documents as for the MVV, updated if necessary.

3. Paying the residence permit fee (approximately €210 for family reunification in 2025, subject to change).

4. Attending a biometrics appointment at an IND desk.

The residence permit is typically valid for up to five years or aligned with the sponsor’s permit duration. It can be renewed if the relationship and other conditions persist.

Step 5: Register with the Municipality

Upon arrival, the applicant must register with the local municipality’s Personal Records Database (BRP) within five days. This registration provides a Citizen Service Number (BSN), essential for accessing healthcare, employment, and other services. Required documents include a passport, residence permit (or MVV), and proof of address.

Step 6: Obtain Health Insurance

All residents in the Netherlands must have health insurance. The applicant must purchase a policy within four months of arrival, with coverage retroactive to the date of entry. Failure to comply may result in fines.

Challenges and Considerations

Moving to the Netherlands via the marriage visa route can present challenges. Below are common issues and tips for addressing them.

1. Proving a Genuine Relationship

The IND and Aliens Police conduct checks to rule out sham marriages or partnerships. Applicants may need to provide extensive evidence of their relationship’s authenticity, such as communication records, joint travel history, or witness statements. Unmarried partners face stricter scrutiny to prove a durable relationship.

Tip: Maintain thorough documentation of your relationship, including photos, travel itineraries, and joint financial commitments.

2. Civic Integration Exam

The civic integration exam can be a barrier for some applicants, particularly those with limited access to Dutch language resources. Exemptions are available, but the process can be complex.

Tip: Prepare for the exam using official study materials from the Dutch government or enroll in a preparatory course offered by language schools.

3. Income Requirements

The sponsor’s income must meet the minimum threshold, which can be challenging for self-employed individuals or those with temporary contracts. The IND assesses income stability over at least 12 months.

Tip: Ensure the sponsor’s employment contract is long-term or provide additional evidence of financial stability, such as savings or assets.

4. Processing Delays

Processing times for MVV and residence permit applications can vary, sometimes exceeding 90 days due to high demand or incomplete applications.

Tip: Submit a complete application with all required documents to avoid delays. Consider hiring an immigration lawyer for complex cases.

5. Post-Separation Visa Status

If the relationship ends, the applicant’s residence permit may become invalid, especially if no children are involved. However, options exist, such as applying for a permit based on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) if children are present, or transitioning to a work-based permit after five years of legal residence.

Tip: Consult an immigration lawyer immediately if the relationship ends to explore alternative visa options.

Life in the Netherlands After Obtaining the Visa

Once the marriage visa is granted, applicants can begin building their life in the Netherlands. Here are key aspects to consider:

1. Work Rights

The applicant’s work rights depend on the sponsor’s permit:

• If the sponsor is a Dutch or EU/EEA national, the applicant can work freely.

• If the sponsor is a non-EU national, the applicant’s work rights mirror the sponsor’s (e.g., requiring a work permit if the sponsor does).

• The residence permit typically states “arbeid vrij toegestaan” (work freely allowed) if no restrictions apply.

2. Integration Requirements

Non-EU/EEA nationals may need to complete the Civic Integration Requirement within three years of arrival, which includes passing exams in Dutch language proficiency (A2 level), knowledge of Dutch society, and labor market orientation. Exemptions apply for certain nationalities or circumstances.

3. Social and Cultural Integration

The Netherlands is renowned for its work-life balance, ranking top in the OECD Better Life Index. However, cultural adaptation can take time. Learning Dutch, engaging with local communities, and understanding Dutch customs (e.g., direct communication and cycling culture) can ease the transition.

4. Path to Permanent Residence or Citizenship

After five years of continuous legal residence, the applicant may qualify for a permanent residence permit, provided they pass the civic integration exam. Spouses of Dutch nationals can apply for citizenship after three years of marriage and cohabitation, assuming other conditions (e.g., integration and no criminal record) are met.

Practical Tips for a Smooth Transition

1. Learn Basic Dutch: Even if exempt from the civic integration exam, learning Dutch enhances job prospects and social integration.

2. Connect with Expat Communities: Organizations like Expatica and local expat groups provide resources and networking opportunities.

3. Understand Dutch Bureaucracy: Familiarize yourself with the BRP, BSN, and health insurance systems to navigate administrative processes.

4. Seek Legal Advice: Immigration lawyers, such as Kroes Advocaten, can provide tailored guidance for complex cases.

5. Plan Financially: Budget for application fees, health insurance, and living costs, as the Netherlands has a relatively high cost of living.

Conclusion

Moving to the Netherlands via the marriage visa route offers a pathway to reunite with a spouse or partner in a country known for its quality of life and cultural richness. While the process involves navigating eligibility criteria, document preparation, and potential challenges like proving a genuine relationship or meeting income requirements, thorough preparation can lead to a successful outcome. By understanding the requirements, gathering necessary documents, and seeking professional assistance when needed, applicants can confidently embark on their journey to build a life in the Netherlands.

For further details, consult the official IND website (ind.nl) or contact a Dutch embassy or immigration lawyer. The Netherlands awaits with its picturesque canals, vibrant cities, and welcoming communities, ready to become your new home.